To get an Interstate designation, a road has to meet a certain set of design standards and pass through an approval process by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). It's a somewhat big deal because being an interstate also automatically qualifies a road for national highway funding. Before the 90s it was an even bigger deal since there was special maintenance funding which could only be spent on Interstates.
North of I-44, the Broadway Extension is US-77. I am not sure whether it qualifies for national funding, but I would suspect so, since most freeways do. If ODOT wanted to submit it as an extension to I-235, I imagine it would pass. They just have never done so.
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